Chitin, the second most prevalent biopolymer on Earth, together with its deacetylated derivative, chitosan, presents considerable potential for various applications, especially in the energy industry. This book chapter delves into the potential of these biomaterials to address pressing energy challenges, emphasizing their unique properties, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and versatile chemical functionality, which make them highly attractive for developing sustainable energy solutions. Their abundance in crustacean waste streams presents a readily available and renewable resource. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in utilizing chitin and chitosan for various energy applications, starting with their use in fuel cell technology, where chitosan-based membranes demonstrate promising proton conductivity as potential electrolytes. Moreover, chitin and chitosan have potential as high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials due to their ability to be converted into porous carbon materials with a large surface area and electrical conductivity. The chapter also delves into the enzyme-driven hydrolysis and fermentation processes that are employed to produce biofuels from chitin and chitosan. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for continued research and development to overcome existing challenges and fully unlock the potential of chitin and chitosan for a sustainable energy future.