The development and application of clean and renewable energy sources is important because the overconsumption of fossil fuels has led to a number of global problems, especially environmental pollution. Therefore, renewable energy sources have attracted much attention, among which biomass energy has been widely recognized by researchers. Organic components in biomass can be extracted and converted into fuel by physical and chemical methods (Xu et al. in Renew Sustain Energy Rev 97:103–118, 2018). As an alternative to fossil fuels, liquid biofuels are emerging as the only option, as it can mitigate global warming by achieving zero carbon dioxide emissions through direct and indirect land-use changes in the life cycle of biofuels, as well as reducing energy import dependency and increasing energy security (Chisti in Biotechnol Adv 25:294–306, 2007; Posten and Schaub in J Biotechnol 142:64–69, 2009; Behrendt et al. in Chem Eng Technol 31:667–677, 2008; Kishimoto et al. in J Ferment Bioeng 78:479–482, 1994).