Chest cancer screening has been advanced and enhanced, thus improving the early detection of the disease, which is very important when it comes to management and, eventually, a better and improved quality of patients’ lives. This current review and data synthesis pay attention to recent imaging and biomarkers in chest cancers with an insight into lung cancer and Mesothelioma. Multiple image types like X-ray, Helical CT, MRI Diffusion, etc., are compared to newer imaging modes, which include PET scan, Dual-energy CT, and 4-D image acquisition techniques, and their utilities as well as drawbacks are highlighted. New technologies, including AI, together with both Hybrid and Optical Imaging, are examined for their possibilities to transform detection approaches. Furthermore, biomarkers, genetics, molecules, and circulating tumor cells are also explored in non-invasive, rapid diagnosis. The application of imaging and biomarkers is discussed in the case studies and clinical trials with details on how the combination of the two produces better results. The state of advancement of imaging technologies and its related equipment, software, contrast agents, and application of nanotechnology to improve diagnostic accuracy are also examined and critiqued. Concerning the clinical application, some issues are also discussed, including costs, training problems, and regulatory questions. Lastly, the review provides a group comparison of various imaging modalities, the success rates of these imaging methods at different detection development stages of chest cancer, as well as the impact on patients. Possible future developments in the field of chest cancer are discussed based on predictive analysis, the concept of personalized medicine, telemedicine, and future technological advancement to depict that chest cancer detection is ongoing research and is far from predicting complete fruition.