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Grass clippings were utilized in this study to prepare activated carbon (AC) using zinc chloride (ZnCl2) for the adsorption of naphthol blue black from simulated wastewater. The process involved semi-carbonization at 300 ℃, ZnCl2 impregnation in ratios from 1:1 to 1:5, and final activation at 500 ℃. The AC was characterized by yield percentage, bulk density, moisture content, ash content, pH, and iodine number, with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy used to determine morphology and functional groups, respectively. AC3, with a 1:3 ZnCl2 ratio, showed the highest adsorption efficiency due to its optimal porosity and surface area (> 10 µm). Adsorption isotherms revealed the Freundlich model as the best fit ( \(R^{2}\)  = 0.9950), indicating heterogeneous adsorption sites, while kinetic studies showed the pseudo-second-order model ( \(R^{2}\)  = 0.9971), suggesting chemical interaction governance. Higher adsorbent dosages (> 0.9 g) and lower pH (< 5) improved adsorption efficiency.

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Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Grass Clippings Biomass for the Removal of Dye-Contaminated Wastewater

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • S. M. Anisuzzaman,
  • Muhamad Azim Zarif Bin Zainuden,
  • C. G. Joseph

摘要

Grass clippings were utilized in this study to prepare activated carbon (AC) using zinc chloride (ZnCl2) for the adsorption of naphthol blue black from simulated wastewater. The process involved semi-carbonization at 300 ℃, ZnCl2 impregnation in ratios from 1:1 to 1:5, and final activation at 500 ℃. The AC was characterized by yield percentage, bulk density, moisture content, ash content, pH, and iodine number, with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy used to determine morphology and functional groups, respectively. AC3, with a 1:3 ZnCl2 ratio, showed the highest adsorption efficiency due to its optimal porosity and surface area (> 10 µm). Adsorption isotherms revealed the Freundlich model as the best fit ( \(R^{2}\)  = 0.9950), indicating heterogeneous adsorption sites, while kinetic studies showed the pseudo-second-order model ( \(R^{2}\)  = 0.9971), suggesting chemical interaction governance. Higher adsorbent dosages (> 0.9 g) and lower pH (< 5) improved adsorption efficiency.