The Russo-Chinese negotiations on the Mongolian question began in December 1912 in Beijing, aiming to define Mongolia’s status. China sought to annul the 1912 Russian-Mongolian Friendship Treaty, while Russia insisted on recognizing Mongolia’s autonomy and limiting Chinese military and settler presence. Russia positioned itself as an intermediary between China and Mongolia but prioritized its own strategic interests. By mid-1913, negotiations had stalled, prompting Russia to exert pressure on Mongolia. The Russo-Chinese Declaration of November 5, 1913 recognized China’s suzerainty over Mongolia and restricted military activities in the region. However, Mongolia’s government, led by the Bogd Khan, rejected the agreement as illegitimate, emphasizing its independence. Mongolian Prime Minister Sain Noyon Khan Namnansuren’s visit to Russia further underscored Mongolia’s efforts to secure international recognition and military support. Despite Mongolia’s protest, Russia continued to shape negotiations, ultimately conditioning military and economic aid on Mongolia’s withdrawal from Inner Mongolia. These negotiations reflected the geopolitical struggles over Mongolia’s sovereignty, with Russia leveraging its influence to maintain dominance while accommodating Chinese claims. The Mongolian government’s rejection of external decisions reinforced its aspirations for full independence, but Russia’s strategic calculations kept Mongolia within a constrained diplomatic framework, balancing Chinese and Russian interests.