People spend approximately 80–90% of their time indoors, where surface areas such as walls, floors, and ceilings significantly influence indoor environmental conditions by limiting the entry of external elements like light and wind. This study investigates the role of indoor surface color not only from an aesthetic or psychological perspective but primarily through its impact on overall indoor environmental quality (IEQ). We assess surface color performance based on key IEQ parameters, including visual comfort, thermal comfort, and air quality, through a controlled experiment using a box-shaped spatial model with various color samples. The numerical data obtained were processed to quantify color performance relative to these IEQ parameters. Our findings suggest that there is no universally optimal surface color for meeting IEQ standards; rather, the suitability of a color depends heavily on the spatial context. This study provides architects and designers with a practical tool for selecting indoor surface colors based on IEQ assessments tailored to specific environmental and spatial conditions.