The world’s population is rapidly growing; creating reliable and sustainable energy sources is more crucial than ever. Food scraps, agricultural leftovers, and effluent sediment are underutilized energy sources and are being discarded as waste. In recent years, there has been a growing trend in developing the processes/methodologies to convert this waste into a potential energy source. A thorough overview of recent advancements in waste-to-energy (WtE) conversion, encompassing chemical, biochemical, thermochemical, and bioconversion processes is summarized in the present article. Each technology’s basic principles are examined, and its utility, efficacy, and scalability are assessed. The creation of novel catalysts and hybrid systems, among other developments in process optimization, are covered. This study aims to determine the long-term viability of biowaste-to-energy conversion by examining its technological and environmental ramifications. Strict guidelines must be followed by waste-based energy systems to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, facilitate recycling for nutrient recovery, and minimize adverse ecological effects over their life cycle. Moreover, sustainable biowaste management requires a comprehensive strategy that considers social, economic, and environmental factors. Therefore, we have incorporated the financial obstacles, legal structures, and public attitudes that hinder the broad adoption of WtE technology.