The recent advancements in nanomaterials synthesis and understanding their properties have indeed catalyzed the development of nanomaterial-based sensors called nanosensor. These sensors are pivotal in detecting chemical, physical, and biological stimuli, furnishing a measurable signal response. The demand for improved sensor performance across different applications has driven the exploration and utilization of nanomaterials in sensor fabrication. In fact, nanomaterials are leading the way in the development of high-throughput nanosensors with a wide range of applications in different fields including pharmaceuticals, environmental analysis, therapeutic drugs, selective chemicals, and bioassays to signature nano-based platforms. This chapter addresses profound impact of various nanomaterials such as carbon-based, metal–metal oxide-based and organic-based nanomaterials on the sensing enhancement and nanosensor fabrication. Additionally, a synopsis of nanosensor sensing mechanisms, such as mass-based, optical, and electrochemical detection mechanism, has been provided. The advancement of nanomaterial-based sensors offers highly sensitive and selective detection capabilities, making them invaluable tools in modern sensing technologies across a wide range of applications. This chapter discusses the remarkable progress in nanomaterial-based sensors, underscores their pivotal role in modern sensing technologies and their potential to drive further innovation and address emerging sensing needs in the future.