The increasing global population and climate change present significant challenges to global food security, particularly affecting crop productivity. Drought and heat stress, exacerbated by altered climate conditions, have become critical factors limiting crop yields. Drought events, driven by reduced precipitation and altered rainfall patterns, lead to substantial declines in crop productivity. Similarly, heat stress, characterized by elevated temperatures, adversely affects plant growth and development. Understanding the combined impact of drought and heat stress is crucial, as their effects surpass those observed individually. Vegetable crops, highly sensitive to environmental extremes, face significant yield losses due to high temperatures and limited soil moisture. These stresses affect various physiological and biochemical processes, ultimately impacting productivity and quality. Drought stress, characterized by low rainfall, disrupts essential cellular processes, further compromising growth and productivity. The impacts extend to seed germination and fruit development, affecting crops like tomatoes, potatoes, and leafy vegetables. Additionally, climate change influences insect pests and diseases, altering their ecology and interactions within ecosystems. Elevated temperatures and variable moisture levels directly impact the prevalence and severity of crop diseases, posing additional threats to global food security. Genetic improvement, marker-assisted selection, and biotechnological approaches offer promising avenues for enhancing vegetable crops’ resilience to abiotic stresses. Moreover, agronomic practices such as conservation agriculture, mulching, and drip irrigation play crucial roles in mitigating stress impacts and ensuring sustainable production. These strategies highlight the importance of integrating various approaches to address the complex challenges posed by climate change and safeguard global food supplies.