This chapter explores the aesthetic consciousness reflected in prehistoric pottery through an analysis of abstract and representational patterns, alongside the structuring principles guiding their creation. Abstract patterns, influenced by production techniques, natural forms, and spiritual ideas, emphasize geometric combinations and symbolic harmony between heaven and earth. Representational motifs, including inanimate objects, plants, animals, and humans, highlight cultural transitions, such as the shift from hunting to agriculture, and embody reverence for life through ritual and symbolism. The chapter further examines six aesthetic principles—representation vs. abstraction, opposition and harmony, richness and simplicity, space and time, lines and colors, and rules vs. freedom—underscoring the interplay of order, creativity, and cultural identity in Neolithic pottery. These patterns and principles reveal early humans’ profound connection to nature, cosmology, and societal values, laying the foundation for Chinese artistic traditions.