This study investigates the structural performance of CFDST columns with various sectional geometries under axial loading, utilizing verified finite element (FE) models to assess their behavior. The analysis focuses on the influence of cross-sectional geometry on strain distribution, damage patterns, load-deformation responses, and strength-to-weight ratios (SWR) of the columns. The results indicate that the OSHS_ISHS configuration exhibits the highest peak load and strength-to-weight ratio, making it the most efficient in terms of load-bearing capacity per unit weight. However, it is prone to stress concentration and plastic deformation, limiting its suitability for applications requiring high ductility. The OSHS_ICHS and OCHS_ICHS configurations, while slightly less efficient in terms of peak load, demonstrate superior performance in mitigating stress concentrations and distributing axial loads, making them ideal for applications that prioritize energy absorption and high ductility. In contrast, the OCHS_ISHS configuration shows the weakest overall performance and is less favorable for demanding structural applications. This study provides valuable insights for selecting optimal CFDST column configurations based on specific design requirements, such as load resistance, deformation capacity, and structural efficiency.