In seed technology, there are physical methods that have some advantages over the usual chemical treatments for increasing yield in plants. Magneto-priming, microwave irradiation, and ionizing radiation are emerging as viable, environmentally acceptable alternatives. Magneto-priming is one that includes using magnetic fields to enhance seed germination and agricultural output. While IR radiation, of which gamma rays and X-rays form a part at low dosages, enhance seed germination and seedling growth, UV radiation improves seed health and vigour. However optimum conditions and processes for these methods are still being studied and field-tested with electron paramagnetic resonance becoming another possible tool in the fine-turning of treatment conditions. The study also discusses advances in molecular marker research during the last three decades, which have transformed plant breeding. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) has become an important component of breeding efforts, particularly for essential crops such as corn, soybean, cotton and sunflower. The initial success of utilizing DNA-based molecular markers for basic qualities has progressed, with current developments in marker systems improving genetic gains for quantitative traits. Monsanto’s use of MAS has considerably increased breeding efficiency. Furthermore, plant cryopreservation technologies have improved fast, enabling the long-term storage of genetic resources. Research has advanced to more repeatable methods since the early slow-cooling treatments, such as vitrification, which entails submerging explants in liquid nitrogen. These advancements have enhanced the cryopreservation of a variety of tissues and organs, including cell suspensions, pollen, seeds, and embryonic axes, which benefits both herbaceous and woody plants. To summarize, MAS and cryopreservation technologies have had a significant influence on plant breeding and genetic resource management, increasing efficiency and precision in both domains.