This chapter delves into the intricacies of both qualitative and quantitative data analyses, essential tools for understanding complex social phenomena, particularly in dental research. Quantitative data analysis, which employs numerical data to assess relationships and evaluate hypotheses, is also explored. Statistical methods, including descriptive and inferential statistics, are discussed, along with the importance of data classification. The chapter covers hypothesis testing, level of significance, p-value, tailed-tests, and confidence intervals, as well as parametric and nonparametric tests commonly used in dental research. It also explores the strengths and limitations of various qualitative methods, including content analysis, thematic analysis, framework analysis, and grounded theory. The chapter also examines the role of epidemiological methods in qualitative research, particularly in health-related studies. A case study illustrating the application of thematic analysis is provided to further clarify the process. By understanding both qualitative and quantitative methods, researchers can conduct rigorous and meaningful research to advance the field of dentistry.