Renewable energy development in India is intrinsically linked to climate change mitigation efforts, primarily because renewable energy can reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly. A key challenge is balancing economic growth with the need to reduce emissions, particularly when the demand for energy in India is continually rising. The present research aims to explore the critical role of renewable energy in mitigating climate change in India—a nation confronted with significant social and environmental challenges. In order to achieve this aim, an analysis of the temporal trends in installed renewable energy capacity over the past decades and the share of various renewable sources to the overall energy mix has been presented. Analysis indicates that the solar energy has seen the most rapid and exponential growth among renewable sectors, with installed capacity reaching approximately 85 GW. Despite a potential of around 145 GW, hydropower capacity is 45 GW. Wind energy has shown steady and consistent growth, with capacity gradually rising to about 45 GW. The findings highlight significant progress in India’s renewable energy sector, though achieving the target of 420 GW by 2030 remains a challenge. Addressing issues, such as habitat disruption, biodiversity loss, and the displacement of local communities, remains a critical concern. In contrast, the environmental concerns associated with solar and wind energy development are comparatively minimal.