The coloration of textiles was introduced primarily to serve aesthetic purposes along with functional quality. The history of textile coloration is an age-old journey of craftsmanship using natural dyes. As civilization grew, advanced technologies were introduced to the coloration of textiles. The textile industry relies on diverse coloration techniques, each with unique advantages and challenges. Dyeing and printing are the traditional methods of textile coloration, and they have been the backbone of the industry for a long time. Although effective, these conventional methods are often associated with significant water usage, chemical discharge, and energy consumption. To address these environmental issues, waterless dyeing, viz., supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) dyeing, plasma and laser technologies, coloration with nanoparticles, etc., are gaining momentum in the field of coloration of textiles. Air dyeing and foam dyeing are energy-efficient processes involving minimum or zero water. Microwave, ultrasonic, plasma, and nanotechnology-based methods have recently been adopted for the efficiency and precision of the dyeing process. Digital printing has revolutionized textile coloration by enabling high-resolution, customizable designs without screens. This has become a more potent threat to traditional block printing, mechanical processes, and hand painting. Pigment-based coloration is another technique involving the application of pigment particles to the fabric surface without the need for complex chemical processes, resulting in a more sustainable and resource-efficient coloration method. These advanced techniques face challenges that persist in their widespread adoption. The initial investment required for digital printing or nanoscale coloration can be a barrier for smaller manufacturers, especially in large-scale production. Adopting new techniques for coloration to meet diverse needs has its unique set of benefits and challenges. This chapter provides an overview of the different techniques for textile coloration, including traditional methods and innovative approaches, highlighting their significance in the context of efficiency, sustainability, and color quality. Advanced technology, environmental pollution reduction, reusing and recycling textile wastes, etc., address the essence of sustainability.