The word plastic comes from the Greek word ‘plastikos’, which means to be shaped or molded. The first man-made plastic was created by Alexander Parkes in 1862; its material is known as Parkesine. It was organic and derived from the cellulose on the heating and, after being molded, retained its shape when cooled. Plastic is made from petroleum, and this petroleum contributes to deforestation, so the use of more plastic cuts many trees for oil drilling and refining facilities. The plastic has link with cancer, reproductive problems, and other health problems for humans and animals. The biological, chemical, and environmental elements will break down plastics into more amount of microplastic. Microplastic refers to plastic fragments and particles that have a diameter of less than 5 mm. The plastic particle with a diameter of less than 1 μm is known as nanoplastics. In the twenty-first century, plastic pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems; microplastics are ubiquitous in the global environment. The microplastics has become a ubiquitous pollutant in our environment and contaminates water, soil, and air (Adhikari 2018). Humans ingest the micro plastic through consumption of fish, food, water, and inhalation. In the atmosphere the evaporation of ponds and used equipment and tools degraded, the honeybees also collect microplastic from the air and interact with plants, soils, and water (Chauhan 2012). In humans, through food nano- and microplastic enters into body, causing internal damage such as gastrointestinal blockage, reduced feeding, inflammatory response. According to the WWF report on normal water and food consumption, it estimates that every person consumes about 5 grams of plastic each week. The nanoplastic fragments are invisible to the human eye; these filaments, granules, and flakes are also called secondary nanoplastic. All forms of nanoplastics are formed by the decomposition of larger plastic pieces and packing (Rajak 2019). Microplastics cause physical harm to the human body such as gastrointestinal tract damage, intestinal blockages, and damage to organs like liver, kidney, lungs, and different tissues. The chemicals present in microplastics affect on reproductive and developmental issues. It also increases the risk of cancer, immune system suppression, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases and neurological damage (La Nasa 2022). Nevertheless, extremely few studies have been done on the prevalence and number of microplastics in different organs/cells of the human body. Accordingly, this chapter will address the following issues:

Nano and Microplastic—Impact on Human Life

章节
发表日期：

2025年

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Jige Sandipan B. Sandip,
Mohamed Abdel-Raheem,
Subhangi H. Fulamarkar

摘要

The word plastic comes from the Greek word ‘plastikos’, which means to be shaped or molded. The first man-made plastic was created by Alexander Parkes in 1862; its material is known as Parkesine. It was organic and derived from the cellulose on the heating and, after being molded, retained its shape when cooled. Plastic is made from petroleum, and this petroleum contributes to deforestation, so the use of more plastic cuts many trees for oil drilling and refining facilities. The plastic has link with cancer, reproductive problems, and other health problems for humans and animals. The biological, chemical, and environmental elements will break down plastics into more amount of microplastic. Microplastic refers to plastic fragments and particles that have a diameter of less than 5 mm. The plastic particle with a diameter of less than 1 μm is known as nanoplastics. In the twenty-first century, plastic pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems; microplastics are ubiquitous in the global environment. The microplastics has become a ubiquitous pollutant in our environment and contaminates water, soil, and air (Adhikari 2018). Humans ingest the micro plastic through consumption of fish, food, water, and inhalation. In the atmosphere the evaporation of ponds and used equipment and tools degraded, the honeybees also collect microplastic from the air and interact with plants, soils, and water (Chauhan 2012). In humans, through food nano- and microplastic enters into body, causing internal damage such as gastrointestinal blockage, reduced feeding, inflammatory response. According to the WWF report on normal water and food consumption, it estimates that every person consumes about 5 grams of plastic each week. The nanoplastic fragments are invisible to the human eye; these filaments, granules, and flakes are also called secondary nanoplastic. All forms of nanoplastics are formed by the decomposition of larger plastic pieces and packing (Rajak 2019). Microplastics cause physical harm to the human body such as gastrointestinal tract damage, intestinal blockages, and damage to organs like liver, kidney, lungs, and different tissues. The chemicals present in microplastics affect on reproductive and developmental issues. It also increases the risk of cancer, immune system suppression, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases and neurological damage (La Nasa 2022). Nevertheless, extremely few studies have been done on the prevalence and number of microplastics in different organs/cells of the human body. Accordingly, this chapter will address the following issues: