In recent years, with the widespread adoption of fiber-optic communication, the development of wireless communication technologies, advancements in interference management, and the innovative application of transmission technologies, signal transmission technology has been continuously evolving in various fields, playing a crucial role in providing strong technical support for societal development and progress. Firstly, the distribution of communication system base stations was optimized in this paper, with Dijkstra algorithm being utilized to optimize the shortest transmission paths between different base stations. Secondly, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was applied to optimize the shortest transmission paths between the base stations and terminal devices. Finally, MATLAB was employed to simulate and analyze both Dijkstra algorithm and PSO, resulting in the identification of the shortest transmission paths between base stations and between base stations and terminal devices under predefined conditions. Through a comparative simulation analysis, the feasibility and effectiveness of the optimization model proposed in this paper were verified, thereby laying a solid foundation for future optimization designs.