Plastic has emerged as an essential material in the modern world due to its cost-effectiveness, ease of processing, low density, water-resistance, and durability. These plastic wastes are managed by land filing, incineration, and recycling, while the rest accumulate in the aquatic and terrestrial environments impacting biotic and abiotic systems extensively as they further deteriorate to microplastics and nanoplastics contaminating food, human, and environment. Microorganisms have ability to break down plastics either by forming biofilms on the surface which decrease the hydrophobicity or they accelerate the biodegradation process by exchanging metabolic intermediates. Genetic engineering and gene-editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 are novel biotechnological approaches used for identification of the genes encoding enzymes involved in degradation pathways and modify and clone the concerned genes in suitable host microorganism which might accelerate the degradation of plastics. Considering the significance, this chapter emphasizes the role of modern biotechnological techniques for managing microplastic pollution.