Along with the gradual deepening of modernization in our country, air pollution is increasingly serious, air corrosion has become an important factor affecting the service life of heavy rail, brought great losses and hidden dangers of safety to the railway industry for many years, but the first research on heavy rail steel anti-atmosphere corrosion has not reported. In this paper, the corrosion behavior of R350lht and U75vh heavy rail steel in simulated atmospheric environment is studied by using the cyclic infiltration corrosion test and the electrolysis method. The results show that the corrosion resistance of R350lht is obviously better than that of U75vh steel. The accumulation of Cr alloying element in the rust layer of R350lht steel promotes the rapid formation and content increase of the protective a-FeOOH phase in the rust layer, improves the ability of the rust layer to prevent the penetration of corrosive media, and can significantly improve the atmospheric corrosion resistance of heavy rail steel.