This chapter explores the economic and political philosophy of the Scottish Franciscan friar Bl. John Duns Scotus (1266-1308). Advancing the argument that Scotus’ economic and political philosophy ought not to be separated from his theological synthesis and, in turn, his vocation as a friar living under a vow of absolute poverty, it focuses on Scotus’ highly innovative theory of political authority as well as his detailed account of the role which local and national rulers ought to play in governing economic practices. For Scotus political authority arises from something akin to a contractual agreement between a ruler and his people, with the latter offering obedience to an elected official or monarch in return for the state’s promulgation of legislation promoting economic justice. As such, coloured by his belief that money, private property, and political authority are all derivatives of Adam’s sin, and thus alien to humanity’s original nature, Scotus’ economic and political philosophy has at its heart the belief that the state ought to be the servant of the economy and seek to moderate fallen humanity’s tendency to lapse into avarice, in particular the temptation of the rich to exploit the vulnerable and those seeking to make an honest living. Scotus thus offers very detailed reflections on what constitute just forms of inheritance rights, property ownership, financial transactions, the charging of interest on goods, the illicit nature of usury, and the difference between loaning and leasing.