Cable crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation will accumulate space charge under high voltage DC condition, which will cause the electric field distribution to deviate from the expected value and even cause insulation breakdown. The spatial charge distribution contains information and characteristics about charge transport in the insulation, while the leakage current contains information about charge injection and extraction behavior occurring across the electrode/dielectric interface. In this paper, the correlation properties of the space charge and current of XLPE material with the aging state of the insulation is obtained by simultaneously measuring those on the insulated sections of aged and unaged DC cables. The results indicate that as the aging time prolongs, the amount of space charge accumulated during the polarization process first increases and then decreases, revealing different characteristics of charge injection and migration in the aged samples at different stages. The current in the aged cable insulation samples increases, with a more pronounced trend observed in the middle and later stages of aging. During the middle and later stages of aging, a phenomenon of current resurgence emerges in the samples, accompanied by more intense charge injection and migration. Although there are discrepancies in the carrier mobility calculated using different methods, they all exhibit a trend of first decreasing and then increasing.