When an aircraft suffers a lightning strike, the cables are coupled with overvoltages by the pulsed electromagnetic field generated from the lightning current, probably resulting in damage towards the electrical and electronic equipment connected to these cables. In this paper, four typical lightning strike paths are planned for experimental study by simulating and calculating the lightning attachment points of aircraft. A full-scale aircraft model, 12.8 m in length, 12.3 m in width, and 4.4 m in height, is assembled. Artificial simulated lightning strike tests are conducted to investigate the lightning coupling effects on aircraft cables with different lightning strike paths and cable types. Results show that the degree of lightning coupling increases with the parallelism between the spatial arrangement of the cables and the lightning strike path. When both ends of the cables are connected to 50-Ω loads, and other conditions are kept constant (e.g., same cable length, no shielding, etc.), the type of cable does not significantly affect the transient voltage. Additionally, transient voltage waveforms at the cable terminal loads show no noticeable difference under the same excitation current. These findings elucidate the variation patterns of transient voltage at cable terminal loads under different lightning strike paths and cable types, and might provide a theoretical basis for the design of lightning interference protection for airborne cables.