This study analyzes energy consumption and comfort optimization in a typical rural self-built house in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province. Using DesignBuilder software, energy performance is assessed for a 150 m2 house with key parameters, including wall heat transfer coefficient, window-to-wall ratio, roof shading coefficient, and airtightness. Data is collected through field surveys, equipment measurements, and online questionnaires, providing insights into residents’ comfort needs and energy usage. The findings reveal that the factors influencing comfort the most are heating setpoint temperature, airtightness, and window-to-wall ratio, while electricity consumption is primarily affected by equipment power density, airtightness, and window-to-wall ratio. The study recommends optimizing airtightness and adjusting heating setpoint for winter comfort, reducing window-to-wall ratio and adding shading for summer, and promoting energy-efficient appliances to reduce electricity usage.