Compared to far-field ground motions, near-fault earthquakes exhibit greater destructiveness. However, research on the safety of train operations on bridges under near-fault earthquakes remains relatively limited. This study takes a simply supported bridge and a high-speed train as examples, employing friction pendulum bearings, viscous dampers, and metallic dampers as damping devices to establish a train-track-bridge model. By selecting near-fault earthquakes and adjusting the ratio of vertical to lateral components, the safety of high-speed train operations under seismic conditions was analyzed. The results show that the vertical component of near-fault ground motions has a significant impact on train operations on bridges, and as the intensity of ground motion increases, the vertical component of near-fault earthquakes poses greater risks to train safety on the bridge.