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The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), driven by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria, presents a significant global health threat. Furthermore, aquatic ecosystems have become critical reservoirs for ESBL-producing bacteria due to contamination from untreated sewage, agricultural runoff, and pharmaceutical effluents. These bacteria pose threats to public health, biodiversity, and aquaculture, enabling resistance transmission through direct exposure, consumption of contaminated water or aquatic organisms, and crop irrigation. The challenge in combating ESBL-related AMR lies in the lack of standardized diagnostic protocols and limited treatment options. Carbapenems, once the treatment of choice, are now compromised due to increasing resistance. Laboratory detection of ESBLs has progressed from phenotypic methods to advanced molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing for precise gene identification. This chapter examines the biology, epidemiology, and transmission of ESBL-producing bacteria, with a focus on risk factors and therapeutic challenges. It highlights conventional and advanced diagnostic strategies, emphasizing the role of aquatic ecosystems in the spread of ESBL-mediated resistance. Advocating a One Health approach calls for integrated surveillance across human, animal, environmental, and aquatic health sectors.

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Emerging Challenges of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Pathogen: Laboratory Strategies for Detection

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Debasmita Mohanty,
  • Punam Kumari,
  • Asit Kumar Bera,
  • Amiya Kumar Sahoo,
  • Barsha Baisakhi,
  • Mala Kumari,
  • Basanta Kumar Das

摘要

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), driven by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria, presents a significant global health threat. Furthermore, aquatic ecosystems have become critical reservoirs for ESBL-producing bacteria due to contamination from untreated sewage, agricultural runoff, and pharmaceutical effluents. These bacteria pose threats to public health, biodiversity, and aquaculture, enabling resistance transmission through direct exposure, consumption of contaminated water or aquatic organisms, and crop irrigation. The challenge in combating ESBL-related AMR lies in the lack of standardized diagnostic protocols and limited treatment options. Carbapenems, once the treatment of choice, are now compromised due to increasing resistance. Laboratory detection of ESBLs has progressed from phenotypic methods to advanced molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing for precise gene identification. This chapter examines the biology, epidemiology, and transmission of ESBL-producing bacteria, with a focus on risk factors and therapeutic challenges. It highlights conventional and advanced diagnostic strategies, emphasizing the role of aquatic ecosystems in the spread of ESBL-mediated resistance. Advocating a One Health approach calls for integrated surveillance across human, animal, environmental, and aquatic health sectors.