Provenance tracking technology plays an important role in the blockchain field (Palamara, Tracing and tracking with the blockchain, 2016). Due to the untamperable, transparent, and verifiable nature, blockchain can be used for the entire life cycle tracking and ensure the authenticity of its source, ownership, and history. This mechanism is commonly used in scenarios such as supply chain management, digital rights management, luxury goods anti-counterfeiting, and food safety (Dutta et al., Transp Res E Logist Transp Rev 142:102067, 2020; Siddiqui et al., Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 11(4), 2020; Wang et al., IEEE Internet Things J 9(11):8130–8142, 2021; de Boissieu et al., J Enterprise Inf Manag 34(5):1318–1338, 2021). Due to the anonymity of blockchain, some criminals carry out illegal activities such as money laundering and coin cashing through blockchain (Bjelajac and Bajac, Law Theory Prac 39:21, 2022). Provenance tracking technology provides clues for regulators to track down illegal transactions.