Air pollution, in general, severely affects vegetation, animals and humans, and ecosystems in various ways. Plants’ exposure to SO2, NOx, tropospheric O3, HCs, and PM and the adverse effects of these air pollutants on vegetation have been elaborated. Hazardous effects of major air pollutants like CO, SO2, NOx, CFCs, PAN, PM2.5, PM10, aldehydes, benzo(a)pyrene, lead, silicon, and textile fibers on human health have been discussed giving details of all the diseases, abnormalities, and physiological disorders caused and symptoms appeared. Common indoor pollution carries symptoms like watery eyes, coughing, sneezing, headache, fatigue, and dizziness. Severe effects on human health are muscular pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fever, rapid heartbeat and shortness of breath, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. A pollution-affected ecosystem undergoes changes in their vertical and horizontal structure, including species composition. An increase in the tropospheric or ground-level ozone damages the cell membranes of the plants. The presence of PAN contributes to damaging photosynthetic machinery. Coral reef–based aquatic ecosystems are especially vulnerable to acidification. SO2 and NOx emissions are primarily responsible for generating conditions for acid rain. Living organisms and ecological processes are significantly affected by acid rain. Acid rain reacts with buildings, monuments, statues, and many structures representing historical landmarks, enhancing their decay and shortening their lives. CFCs and halons release chlorine and bromine atoms that catalytically destroy O3 molecules. Air pollutants such as SO2 and NOx have corrosive effects on stone materials, buildings, including some historical monuments.