This chapter covers the surgical specialties. It opens with reconstructive surgery addressing burns, skin grafts and flaps' then reviews the development of orthopaedics, particularly the management of fractures and joint replacement. It follows with a history of cataracts and neurosurgery and how these specialties developed through the 20th century. Cardiac surgery largely developed post WWII, as did vascular surgery, though some of the foundational advances in vascular anastomosis were established earlier. Organ transplantation has emerged as a life-saving subspecialty for many conditions in the second half of the twentieth century, particularly once effective means of immunosuppression to prevent rejection were discovered and consensus on the diagnosis of brain death was established.