The National Financial Inclusion Strategy for the period 2019–2024 outlines India’s vision and key objectives for promoting financial inclusion in the country. This study explores the correlation between financial inclusion and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and highlights the challenges and opportunities in achieving inclusive financial systems worldwide. The analysis reveals the significance of financial inclusion in poverty reduction, ending hunger, improving health and well-being, advancing gender equality, fostering economic growth, supporting innovation and infrastructure, reducing inequality, and overall sustainable development. The study emphasizes the importance of addressing barriers to financial inclusion, including limited access, low financial literacy, gender disparities, regulatory challenges, technological barriers, and risk management. To advance financial inclusion and accelerate progress towards the SDGs, the study recommends enhancing financial education, expanding access to affordable financial services, fostering public–private partnerships, implementing supportive regulatory frameworks, and promoting digital financial inclusion. By implementing these recommendations, stakeholders can empower individuals and communities, bridge the financial inclusion gap, and contribute to sustainable development globally.