Minor millets represent a group of promising yet underutilized food crops in semiarid and tropical locations globally. They are classified as famine crops due to their capacity to yield satisfactorily in the most severe environmental conditions globally. Notwithstanding the promise of minor millets, genetic enhancement initiatives significantly trail those of major crops. The primary breeding objectives for enhancing competitiveness of minor millets in modern agro-ecosystems involve the systematic characterization of active breeding materials, parental lines, and germplasm, focusing on grain and fodder yield, yield-attributing traits, grain quality, and consumer-friendly characteristics. Nonetheless, the primary obstacles hindering the advancement of breeding in minor millets include inadequately comprehended genetic mechanisms, laborious hybridization processes, and narrow genetic base. Recombination breeding remains inadequately applied for gene introgression due to the lack of effective emasculation and hybridization methods. The genomic resources for facilitating genetic improvement in these crops are insufficiently documented. This chapter encapsulates the advances achieved in cultivar development of small millets and the constraints hindering the acceleration of genetic enhancement.