This chapter relies upon hard data-sets made available in the public domain by the office of the Registrar General of India and Census Commissioner through various decennial censuses, and National sample Survey Office (NSSO) at different intervals. The issues taken up for discussion initially are dynamic changes in the country’s population, workforce, and labour force participation rates. Thereafter, the growth of Indian economy at large and the contributions of various sub-sectors of the agriculture sector are examined with a view to correlate the workforce dependency on agriculture and the size of its gross value added (GVA). This is followed by evaluation of rural economy and rural employment. The chapter summarises that the rural economy has lagged behind that of urban economy but is left with a higher proportion of workforce to take care of. Further whatever growth the rural economy has achieved over a period of time, it has failed to create jobs proportion to the demand.