Legume production in the Mediterranean region faces unique challenges and opportunities influenced by its diverse climatic and soil conditions. This chapter examines the cultivation practices, yield statistics, economic significance, and prevalent issues associated with major legumes including chickpeas (Cicer arietinum), lentils (Lens culinaris), faba beans (Vicia faba), and peas (Pisum sativum). Factors such as optimal sowing times, irrigation techniques, soil preparation, and fertilization methods are critical in enhancing productivity and mitigating environmental impacts. Weed, pest, and disease control strategies are imperative for sustaining crop health and maximizing yields. Furthermore, the potential for expanding legume cultivation into marginal lands and leveraging export opportunities is discussed, highlighting the need for sustainable practices and innovation in agricultural systems. Collaboration and knowledge sharing among Mediterranean countries are identified as key drivers for advancing legume production in the region. This chapter underscores the interdisciplinary approach required to address the complex interplay of agronomic, economic, and environmental factors in Mediterranean legume agriculture.