Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is a significant legume considered for its exceptional nutritional composition and ecological benefits. This crop is fundamental to sustainable agriculture due to its drought resistance, brief growth cycle, and nitrogen-fixing capability. However, its productivity is frequently impeded by constraints from pests, illnesses, and water deficiency. Marker-assisted breeding (MAB) emerges as a transformative approach, leveraging molecular markers to enhance mung bean’s genetic resilience. Drought tolerance is achieved through advanced methods such as quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, molecular markers like SSR and SNP, and conventional phenotypic selection. By making it possible to precisely identify features, these technologies hasten the development of cultivars that are resistant to drought. Research indicates that drought stress negatively impacts physiological processes, such as photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation, leading to diminished yields. The use of molecular markers enhances breeding strategies, alleviating negative effects and augmenting crop performance in water-scarce environments. Future research must prioritize integrating genomics and biotechnological advancements, such as CRISPR/Cas9, to unlock mung bean’s potential. Furthermore, participatory breeding approaches involving stakeholders will enhance adoption and ensure global food security. This chapter underscores the importance of MAB in combating drought stress in mung beans, fostering sustainable agricultural practices, and addressing climate change challenges.