In the context of global climate change, there has been a significant increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, especially urban heat, which pose a serious threat to the health, infrastructure, ecology and socio-economic conditions of urban residents. This research focuses on the identification and assessment of summer heat risk in central urban areas and constructs a comprehensive heat risk assessment framework using geographic information system (GIS) overlay analysis, integrating factors such as vulnerability, adaptation, risk, and exposure. The research results revealed the spatial distribution characteristics of heat risk and identified high-risk areas and vulnerable groups. In addition, this study revealed that heat risk assessment presents large variations depending on factors such as geographic location, population density, and socioeconomics. This study deepens the understanding of urban heat risk, which is of great significance to urban planning and public health management, and provides a scientific basis for the development of mitigation and adaptation strategies in overheating cities.