Health and safety in construction have undergone significant developments over the years, resulting in a range of methods to improve it. However, the situation is contrary in numerous developing countries. Despite significant economic development, the construction sector in Southeast Asia is underdeveloped in many respects, including Occupational Health and Safety (OHS). The challenge is that health and safety considerations are neglected and the implementation of safety measures during the construction phase is perceived as a liability, reflected in the number of occupational accidents and fatalities in these countries. Therefore, the primary objective of this research is to explore the significant influence of OHS on the quality of projects and their stakeholders within the construction industry in Southeast Asia, ultimately providing advantages to both the companies involved and the broader community. The study adopted a systematic literature review (SLR) to analyses the findings through the lens of the significant effects of implementing OHS. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 58 peer-reviewed English-language articles published between 2010 and 2023. Each OHS study highlights the ‘effects’ of OHS implementation in the construction industry. The review demonstrates that the proportion of issues related to human factors is significantly greater than the other factors, which from a project point of view, could point to the underlying causes. There is also a lack of research into the ‘effects’ of OHS practices. This study presents valuable insights into this issue that will guide future research endeavours at developing safety measuring methods suitable for Southeast Asia’s construction industry.