Teff and fonio, classified as “Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS),” are also known as orphan crops. These crops have great potential to overcome food security and nutritional challenges due to their adaptability to extreme environmental conditions and rich nutrient profiles. They are probably the most ancient and culturally important cereal crops grown in Africa. The grains of teff are nutritionally rich with high dietary fiber and iron and gluten free. Fonio is rich in quality minerals, vitamins, fiber, and sulfur-containing amino acids like cysteine and methionine. Major constraints of teff and fonio production are use of less yielding varieties along with unimproved pre- and post-traditional practices, susceptibility to lodging, and socioeconomic constraints such as lack of awareness and the high cost and unavailability of seeds. This chapter discusses about status of germplasm diversity and collection of germplasm at both national and global level followed by conservation efforts in both the crops. The Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute are majorly maintaining the vast germplasm collection of teff crop. Worldwide, 7235 teff accessions were conserved in various genebanks as ex situ conservation. The major collection of fonio germplasm is conserved at Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) in Montpellier and Genebank of Niaouli Agricultural Research Center of INRAB in Benin. In India, ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi, has collected, characterized, and maintained 288 accessions of teff and 17 accessions of fonio. The collection, augmentation, and conservation works are in progress considering their importance in nutritional security and climate resilience.