Radioactive waste originates from various activities, including nuclear energy operations, medical, industrial, and agricultural use of radioisotopes, and the extraction and processing of natural resources like mining, oil, and gas production, as well as from burning fossil fuels. Effectively managing this waste is essential to ensure the sustainability and safety of the nuclear industry over the long term. Among the various methods for treating radioactive wastewater, ion exchange has emerged as a well-established and efficient technique. Inorganic sorbents are particularly beneficial due to their superior resistance to thermal, chemical, and radiological degradation, making them ideal for such applications. This review explores liquid radioactive waste treatment through inorganic ion exchangers, focusing on materials like zeolites, titanosilicates, metal hexacyanoferrates (MHCFs), metal oxide/hydrous oxide ion exchangers, and metal phosphates. These materials are notable for their high adsorption capacities and radionuclide selectivity, which can be influenced by pH, temperature, and salinity. In addition to analyzing current ion-exchange materials, the review also examines potential advancements in the field, with future research likely to focus on novel materials, such as sodium titanates and metal sulfides. A comprehensive overview of ion exchangers is provided, followed by a detailed analysis of how these materials are used to separate radionuclides in various conditions.