To address the issue of high-order polygonal wear in high-speed trains operating at 300 km/h, this paper investigates the influence of bogie modal vibration on the initiation and progression of such wear phenomena. The model simulation incorporates the modal vibrations of both the frame and the wheelset, while also accounting for non-Hertzian contact and track irregularity within a long-term iterative wear model, thereby enhancing its alignment with real-world operational conditions. The main conclusions are: The vibration frequency of the wheel-rail contact normal force, influenced by running speed and sleeper spacing, plays a key role in the initiation of polygonal wear. The fourth-order bending resonance of the wheelset is the primary cause of the 20th-order polygon wear and its rapid development. Suspension parameters have a significant impact on the wear index, and proper adjustment of these parameters can effectively slow the progression of polygonal wear. The findings of this paper hold theoretical value and practical significance in understanding the formation and progression mechanisms of polygonal wear, as well as in developing effective measures for its mitigation.