The escalation of industrialization and urbanization has led to the proliferation of emerging pollutants in wastewater, posing significant threats to environmental and human health. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the various emerging pollutants found in wastewater, encompassing pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine-disrupting compounds, microplastics, nanomaterials, and other contaminants. Furthermore, the chapter explores the methodologies and techniques employed in the biomonitoring of these pollutants, including the use of bioindicators, biomarkers, and advanced analytical tools. The significance of biomonitoring in assessing environmental contamination levels, understanding pollutant fate and transport, and evaluating the efficacy of wastewater treatment processes is emphasized. Moreover, the chapter discusses the challenges and limitations associated with biomonitoring approaches, such as the identification of appropriate biomarkers, standardization of methodologies, and interpretation of data. Additionally, it highlights the emerging trends and future directions in the field, including the integration of omics technologies, development of biosensors, and implementation of innovative monitoring strategies. Overall, this chapter serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners involved in wastewater management and environmental monitoring, offering insights into the characterization and biomonitoring of emerging pollutants to mitigate their adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health.