In the current generation of shortage of water reservoirs, the efficient management of polluted water stands as a fundamental necessity for the progressing society. It is imperative to innovate and adopt novel technologies for water purification characterized by both minimal investment and high efficacy. Amidst different management methods, contemporary advancements in nanotechnology have garnered global research interest. This chapter provides an overview of advancements in nano-material science concerning the treatment of contaminated water. It discusses the application of diverse categories of nano-scale materials in the management of polluted water. These encompass four primary categories. Firstly, sorbent materials like graphene, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, ZnO, MgO, and iron oxides are commonly employed for the elimination of trace metal ions from polluted water. Following that, catalyst materials, i.e., oxidizing agents, light-assisted catalysts, electrochemical catalysts, and Fenton-based catalysts have demonstrated their capability to eliminate both metal ions and organic pollutants. In addition, nanoporous membranes have been employed for the efficient removal of synthetic dyes, trace metal ions, and impurities. The encouraging outlook of nanotechnology in wastewater treatment along with the possible pathways for future endeavors is also discussed.