Dental caries has a long and complex history. During the Bronze and Iron Ages, their incidence was relatively low. However, during the Neolithic period, the rate of dental caries increased as people began cultivating carbohydrate-rich plant foods. Ancient civilizations, including the Egyptians, Israelites, Indians, Mesopotamians, Chinese, Incas, Greeks, and Romans, documented dental and oral problems along with their treatment methods. A Sumerian text from 5000 BC described a ‘tooth worm’ as the cause of caries, believed to bore holes in teeth and cause pain by moving around. Ancient treatments involved using mixtures of olive oil, beans, onions, and dates to alleviate pain. The Ebers Papyrus, discovered in Egypt in 1872, listed home remedies for toothache that included honey, fennel seeds, dough, and incense. Pierre Fauchard, the father of modern dentistry, dismissed the tooth worm theory, explaining that caries result from the erosion of the enamel layer due to inflammation around the teeth and oral bone. Modern dentistry attributes caries to oral microorganisms in the presence of fermentable sugars, enamel and dentine layers, organic acids, and dietary foods. Caries can affect individuals at any age, leading to the demineralization and destruction of hard tissues. It is the most common disease globally. The study of dental caries, known as Cariology, remains a significant subject in medical education. In this chapter, the authors will discuss different techniques on dental caries detection methods using both the dental radiographic images as well as dental color images.