In glioma surgery, precise identification and mapping of functional cortex and subcortical pathways are crucial for safe resection with minimal neurological deficits, particularly when the tumor is located in eloquent areas. With the advancement of imaging and computer technology, three-dimensional reconstruction of tumors, subcortical pathways, and functional cortices before surgery provides neurosurgeons with critical information to develop effective surgical strategies. This chapter highlights the primary techniques employed for preoperative planning and evaluates their advantages, limitations, and clinical application in glioma preoperative planning. The focus of this discussion is on motor and language mapping and their corresponding subcortical pathways.