Under the leadership of the United Nations, the international community has made efforts for over three decades and held 27 climate conferences in pursuit of addressing climate change. However, progress in global carbon reduction remains slow and falls significantly short of the targets set by the IPCC. The fundamental reason lies in the fact that the international community’s understanding of the essence of carbon reduction remains inadequate. Without a solid theoretical foundation, top-level mechanisms are not scientifically designed. Additionally, considerations of other interests by some countries make it inevitable that progress towards global carbon neutrality is challenging.