In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, there were young girls from China and those born locally who were indentured as bondservants in British colonies in Asia such as Hong Kong and British Malaya. Often due to poverty, female children and teenagers—better known as mui tsais (“little sisters” in Cantonese)—were either sold or transferred to affluent families for domestic labour and this practice was widely perceived as a cultural tradition unique to the ChineseChinese. In perusing the rich body of literature on the mui tsais, there remains a gap in scholarly work on the subject that explores historical fiction in Singapore within the broad context of transnational Asian connections. By presenting two novels—Catherine Lim’s The Bondmaid (1995) and Eva Nava Wong’s The House of Little Sisters (2022)—that deal with the mui tsai experience in colonial Singapore and by way of an interdisciplinary and comparative approach, this chapter considers the interrelated themes of gender, domestic servitude, transnationality, and underclass voices. The texts, written approximately three decades apart, capture narratives that blur the boundaries between domestic servants and adopted daughters; ethnic identity and cultural cosmopolitanism; and, reality and imagination. In so doing, these literary works bring into question historical memory about the past and how mui tsais lived experiences are remembered and retold. By situating these novels in relation to a larger corpus of primary sources—colonial office records, oral history interviews, and newspaper articles—drawn from the National Archives in Britain and Singapore, this chapter seeks to uncover the significance of historical fiction in foregrounding socio-political, cultural, and transnational context(s) that are unique to Singapore.

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“Slave” Stories: Historical Fiction and the Voice of Young Female Bondservants (Mui Tsais) in Singapore

  • Hema Kiruppalini

摘要

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, there were young girls from China and those born locally who were indentured as bondservants in British colonies in Asia such as Hong Kong and British Malaya. Often due to poverty, female children and teenagers—better known as mui tsais (“little sisters” in Cantonese)—were either sold or transferred to affluent families for domestic labour and this practice was widely perceived as a cultural tradition unique to the ChineseChinese. In perusing the rich body of literature on the mui tsais, there remains a gap in scholarly work on the subject that explores historical fiction in Singapore within the broad context of transnational Asian connections. By presenting two novels—Catherine Lim’s The Bondmaid (1995) and Eva Nava Wong’s The House of Little Sisters (2022)—that deal with the mui tsai experience in colonial Singapore and by way of an interdisciplinary and comparative approach, this chapter considers the interrelated themes of gender, domestic servitude, transnationality, and underclass voices. The texts, written approximately three decades apart, capture narratives that blur the boundaries between domestic servants and adopted daughters; ethnic identity and cultural cosmopolitanism; and, reality and imagination. In so doing, these literary works bring into question historical memory about the past and how mui tsais lived experiences are remembered and retold. By situating these novels in relation to a larger corpus of primary sources—colonial office records, oral history interviews, and newspaper articles—drawn from the National Archives in Britain and Singapore, this chapter seeks to uncover the significance of historical fiction in foregrounding socio-political, cultural, and transnational context(s) that are unique to Singapore.