This paper examined whether Kuwaiti and Qatari husbands and wives differed in their sex role belief structure regarding the spousal distribution of household labor in the family, and the influence of sex role beliefs on their involvement in six domains of household labor (housework, meal preparation, keeping track of expenses, laundry, shopping, and maintenance). Analyses revealed husbands and wives differed significantly in their sex role beliefs in both countries. Compared to husbands, wives showed stronger personal and cultural sex role beliefs but similar religious beliefs toward the spousal distribution of household labor in Kuwait. In Qatar, wives showed higher personal, cultural, and religious sex role beliefs than husbands did. Personal beliefs positively but religious or cultural beliefs negatively influenced husbands’ and wives’ involvement in various household labor in both countries.