Numerous sectors and functional domains can benefit from the use of optimization as a tool. A real-world problem is converted into a mathematical formulation through the process of mathematical modeling. It is challenging to apply optimization to solve real-world problems because of the wide range of features that contribute to the problem’s complexity and depend on how the real-world issue is formulated mathematically with its parameters, variables, constraints, and goals. Real-world problems have unknown search spaces with numerous difficulties due to the combination of multiple variables, constraints, and input data, which degrades the effectiveness of optimization algorithms. Because of this, real-world optimization issues necessitate a thorough comprehension of the problem’s parameters, variables, restrictions, and goals in order to create mathematical formulations that are as simple as feasible while yet being able to solve all of the necessary decisions. The purpose of this book is to bridge the knowledge gap that exists between theoretical and real-world optimization approaches. Additionally, it provides insightful guidance on how to employ optimization algorithms to solve problems and spur innovation across a range of industries, addressed to researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers. The most recent optimization approaches for handling real-world optimization issues are addressed in this chapter.