The development of social security in Qatar dates to the early days of state formation, preceding independence and adapting to the socioeconomic conditions that followed it. Vast revenues of oil and gas wealth allowed for the development of generous social protections that primarily benefited the citizens of Qatar. Growing partnerships between government and business actors and the participation of civil society organizations (CSOs) are characteristics of the evolving social protection system. However, challenges exist on multiple fronts, such as the need to ensure the long-term financial viability of the social protection system owing to demographic trends and the overreliance on a fossil fuel economy. Furthermore, a two-tier system that privileges nationals over migrants who contribute to taxes and have made Qatar their home threatens the element of social solidarity at the core of international social security standards. A more equitable system aligned with global standards promises numerous economic and social benefits.