The formation and development of source rocks, as well as the processes of petroleum generation and accumulation under subsurface geological conditions, are influenced by a complex interplay of geological factors. These include the tectonic evolution of the basin, depositional environment, water medium, source material for oil generation, available space for petroleum generation, and transformation conditions. This chapter adopts an organic geochemistry perspective to systematically and comprehensively summarize the favorable conditions for petroleum generation in lacustrine source rocks under subsurface geological settings. The findings provide valuable insights into evaluating the petroleum generation potential of source rocks and enhancing exploration strategies.