Home to one-fifth of the world’s population, South Asia is also home to billions living in dire poverty (World Bank in Population Data: South Asia, 2023), and many countries and provinces of South Asia have already grappled with severe socioeconomic, environmental, and political complications. The interplay between poverty, environment, and societal conflicts has created major obstacles to the health and wellbeing of humans, which will likely intensify in the future. These challenges are not limited to South Asia but extend to the Global South. No doubt that these challenges further intensify the divisions between humans, non-humans, and nature. All densely populated countries of South Asia, including India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka have a colonial history, and Western biomedicine was forcefully imposed upon these nations. Today, these nations are among the largest users and producers of Western biomedicine; the native medical systems and healing practices of these countries are in continuous decline and are the least popular among the masses. Provided this background, this chapter briefly examines the traditional medical systems in South Asian countries to point out that regardless of philosophical foundations and different epistemologies, there is a strong connection between nature and natural processes. Taking the strong influences of Hindu and Buddhist philosophies, the chapter then defines health and wellbeing beyond biomedical sciences by engaging with Ayurveda and Siddha as two prominent examples. However, the criticisms within the countries are examined using India as an example to show the connection between colonialism and biomedicine as a dominant discourse within South Asian countries, which refuse to engage with traditional medical systems as valuable in facilitating health and wellbeing.