We continue elucidating the biological role of exRNAs in this chapter. As mentioned in Chap. 12 , exRNAs have emerged as groundbreaking circulating entities that serve as biomarkers across multiple disease states. Their unparalleled diversity and pivotal role in disease diagnosis underscore their importance as biomarkers. Extensive research has been dedicated to exploring exRNAs found in the bloodstream and various bodily fluids, aiming to evaluate their efficacy as indicators for health conditions and diseases. This chapter seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of exRNAs, their biogenesis, and their function in human diseases, especially in cancer. Since most exRNAs are encapsulated within vesicles (i.e., exosomes, niosomes, EVs), we will also look at the significance of these vehicles in the function of exRNAs. Encapsulation protects exRNAs from degradation, facilitating their stable presence in circulation and enhancing their potential as reliable biomarkers. Exosomes and other EVs not only shield exRNAs but also aid in their targeted delivery to specific cells, thus playing a crucial role in intercellular communication and disease progression. In exploring the biogenesis of exRNAs, we will delve into the cellular mechanisms and pathways involved in their production, packaging, and release. Understanding these processes is essential for comprehending how exRNAs are generated and how their encapsulation within vesicles influences their stability and functionality. Additionally, we will discuss the role of exRNAs in various human diseases, with a particular focus on cancer. exRNAs have been implicated in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and the modulation of the tumor microenvironment. By acting as messengers between cancer cells and their surroundings, exRNAs can influence disease progression and response to treatment. We will examine specific examples where exRNAs serve as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring. Furthermore, we will address the prevailing challenges and obstacles encountered in the application of exRNAs as reliable disease markers. These challenges include technical issues related to the isolation and characterization of exRNAs, variability in detection methods, and the need for standardized protocols. We will incorporate insights from clinical and laboratory studies to highlight the current state of exRNA research and the efforts being made to overcome these hurdles. In summary, this chapter aims to provide a thorough understanding of the multifaceted roles of exRNAs, their biogenesis, and their encapsulation within vesicles. By examining their significance in human diseases, particularly cancer, and addressing the challenges in their application as disease markers, we hope to shed light on the potential of exRNAs in advancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Extracellular RNAs (exRNAs): Functions, Crosstalks, and Therapeutic Potential

章节
发表日期：

2025年

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Phei Er Saw,
Erwei Song

摘要

We continue elucidating the biological role of exRNAs in this chapter. As mentioned in Chap. 12 , exRNAs have emerged as groundbreaking circulating entities that serve as biomarkers across multiple disease states. Their unparalleled diversity and pivotal role in disease diagnosis underscore their importance as biomarkers. Extensive research has been dedicated to exploring exRNAs found in the bloodstream and various bodily fluids, aiming to evaluate their efficacy as indicators for health conditions and diseases. This chapter seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of exRNAs, their biogenesis, and their function in human diseases, especially in cancer. Since most exRNAs are encapsulated within vesicles (i.e., exosomes, niosomes, EVs), we will also look at the significance of these vehicles in the function of exRNAs. Encapsulation protects exRNAs from degradation, facilitating their stable presence in circulation and enhancing their potential as reliable biomarkers. Exosomes and other EVs not only shield exRNAs but also aid in their targeted delivery to specific cells, thus playing a crucial role in intercellular communication and disease progression. In exploring the biogenesis of exRNAs, we will delve into the cellular mechanisms and pathways involved in their production, packaging, and release. Understanding these processes is essential for comprehending how exRNAs are generated and how their encapsulation within vesicles influences their stability and functionality. Additionally, we will discuss the role of exRNAs in various human diseases, with a particular focus on cancer. exRNAs have been implicated in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and the modulation of the tumor microenvironment. By acting as messengers between cancer cells and their surroundings, exRNAs can influence disease progression and response to treatment. We will examine specific examples where exRNAs serve as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring. Furthermore, we will address the prevailing challenges and obstacles encountered in the application of exRNAs as reliable disease markers. These challenges include technical issues related to the isolation and characterization of exRNAs, variability in detection methods, and the need for standardized protocols. We will incorporate insights from clinical and laboratory studies to highlight the current state of exRNA research and the efforts being made to overcome these hurdles. In summary, this chapter aims to provide a thorough understanding of the multifaceted roles of exRNAs, their biogenesis, and their encapsulation within vesicles. By examining their significance in human diseases, particularly cancer, and addressing the challenges in their application as disease markers, we hope to shed light on the potential of exRNAs in advancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.